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Planning for India's Rural Drinking Water in the Jal Jeevan Mission Era

he rural drinking water sector in India is undergoing rapid changes driven by a $45-billion nationwide program called the Jal Jeevan Mission, committed to providing household tap connections to all rural households by the year 2024. It is transforming rural domestic water supply, water use, and water resources management in complex and diverse ways.

This synthesis report, compiled by USAID’s Rural Evidence and Learning for Water (REAL-Water) program, provides an overview of the current state of planning for rural drinking water supply in India and in select states. The focus is on drinking water planning and the barriers and enablers to achieve more holistic water resources planning.

The report addresses the following key questions:

What is the current state of rural drinking water planning at multiple levels of governance?
What issues arise in the practice of rural drinking water planning, specifically holistic water resources planning?

Emerging Trends in Rural Water Management REAL-Water Synthesis Report

This report, developed by USAID’s REAL-Water initiative, synthesizes a desk review of emerging trends in rural water services delivery, with a focus on 12 countries (Ghana, India, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Peru, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, the Philippines, Uganda, and Zambia), drawn from the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) 2021 list of high-priority, priority, and strategically aligned countries. It also maps water service delivery across an array of categories (including institutional and legal arrangements, regulation, monitoring, technical capacities, and financial capacities) and reports on an e-survey conducted among 400 respondents in the rural water supply sector.

SIRWASH Webinar Series Webinar series of the SIRWASH Programme (Sustainable and Innovative Rural Water, Sanitation and Hygiene)

Source of presentations and recordings of the SIRWASH Webinar Series.

This three-part webinar series is convened by the Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the African Development Bank Group, Water For People, ONE DROP, the RWSN - Rural Water Supply Network, and Skat Foundation. The SIRWASH Programme is funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).

All three events are multilingual, with simultaneous translation into English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish.

Please see the titles, dates, and other details of the webinars below:

• SIRWASH Webinar 1: Regional and National Monitoring of Rural WASH – experiences of data-to-decisions. October 4, 2023, at 16:00 (CEST) / 10:00 (EST) / 14:00 (GMT). This webinar brings the experiences from Peru, Malawi, and India on regional and national monitoring systems for rural WASH, and discusses how the collected data has been driving decision-making. The event is multilingual, with simultaneous translation into English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish.

• SIRWASH webinar 2: Formalising and strengthening institutions for supporting rural WASH services on November 7, 2023 (09:00 - 10:30 GMT / 10:00 - 11:30 CET / 14:30 - 16:00 IST). The second event of the webinar series brings examples from Bolivia, Rwanda, and Cambodia of successful institution strengthening for rural WASH service delivery and regulation, particularly at the local government level.

• SIRWASH webinar 3: Rural sanitation – why is it left behind? on November 15, 2023 (14:00 - 15:30 GMT / 15:00 - 16:30 CET / 19:30 - 21:00 IST). Register for the webinar using the link below. The third event of the webinar series brings examples of government initiatives that strengthen and prioritise rural sanitation. The latter is left behind in many countries, which often prioritise their political will and investment toward urban water supply.

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The following are relevant resources shared during the webinars:
• JMP Report: Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene - special focus on gender: https://data.unicef.org/resources/jmp-report-2023/
• Rwanda WASH Sector Performance Review Report: https://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/1179-rwanda-wash-sector-performance-review-report
• Asia and Pacific Water resilience Hub: https://hub4r.adb.org/learning-repository
• Learn more about the African Water Facility: www.africanwaterfacility.org
• Learn more about AAPS: http://www.aaps.gob.bo/

Rehabilitation of Drinking Water Wells in Coastal Orissa

The Danida assisted Orissa Drinking Water Supply Project started in August 1985 with the
intention of constructing 10,500 tubewells in 20 blocks of coastal Orissa. By 1991, about 4500
hand pumps had been installed on tube wells in 12 blocks of the project area.
The Functionality Study of Hand Pumps in the project of November 1987 indicated that a
significant number of pumps were wholly or partially rejected by users. Subsequently, a series
of technical studies established that water quality from wells in the project area had
deteriorated with time, that well construction quality needed to be improved and there was need
to develop a clearer understanding of hydro-geological and hydrochemical phenomena in the
project area before further large scale well construction could resume.
However, the question of rehabilitation of 4500 wells already constructed needed a different
approach. Little experience was available on remediation techniques for such a large scale and
geographically dispersed water supply programme. The problem was further compounded by
the deltaic conditions of coastal Orissa.
Though well rehabilitation specifications and guide lines are available, for restoration of
decreased yields, the problem was complicated as 90% of the wells identified for rehabilitation
were on the basis of quality deterioration.
After some inconclusive trials in one block during 1989-90, the project undertook its
Experimental Rehabilitation Programme on 47 wells in one block in 1991, followed by the Pilot
Rehabilitation Programme on 87 wells in 1991-92, spread over four blocks with a wider range
of rehabilitation problems. These programmes led to the development of a logical evaluation
procedure of rehabilitation results and set the direction for the regular rehabilitation
Implementation Programme of the project. By the latter part of 1993 results of rehabilitation of
about 900 wells were available.
This paper presents the results of the rehabilitation programme. It examines the results on the
basis of a range of criteria such as geographical area, depth ranges of wells and methods of
well cleaning. The results are also classified into four degrees of success of rehabilitation, from
Fully Successful, to Partially, Doubtful and Not Successful.
The results of data analysis leads to a conclusion that rehabilitation was fully successful in 28%
and 45% wells in the Experimental & Pilot Programmes and the Implementation Programme
respectively. Similarly, rehabilitation failed in 47% to 22% wells in the respective programmes.
These conclusions raise serious doubts about the long term viability and sustainability of a rural
drinking water supply programme based on ground water and tubewells in coastal Orissa.

A Recent History of Rural Drinking Water Supply in India By Tube Wells & Hand Pumps & Some Perspectives

A short history of the development of the India Mark II handpump in India.

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